Following are the four common Manufacture Of Steel:

(1) Cavities or blow-holes

(2) Cold shortness

(3) Red shortness

(4) Segregation.


(1) Cavities or blow-holes: these are formed when gas is confined or imprisoned in the molten mass of metal. Such confined gas produces bubbles or blow holes on solidification of metal

(2) Cold shortness: the steel, having this defect, cracks when being worked in cold state. This defect is due to the presence of excess amount of phosphorus.

(3) Red shortness: the steel, having this defect, cracks when being worked in cold state. This defect is due to the presence of excess amount of sulphur.

(4) Segregation: some constituents of steel solidify at an early state and they separate out from the main mass. This is known as the segregation and it is prominent on the top surface of the ingots or castings.